1950s
Batch systems
Early1960s
Someoperating systems from the 1950s include: FORTRAN Monitor System, GeneralMotors Operating System, Input Output System, SAGE, and SOS.
SAGE(Semi-Automatic Ground Environment), designed to monitor weapons systems, wasthe first real time control system.
Batch systems
Batchsystems automated the early approach of having human operators load one programat a time. Instead of having a human operator load each program, softwarehandled the scheduling of jobs. In addition to programmers submitting theirjobs,, end users could submit requests to run specific programs with specificdata sets (usually stored in files or on cards). The operating system wouldschedule “batches” of related jobs. Output (punched cards, magnetic tapes,printed material, etc.) would be returned to each user.
GeneralMotors Operating System, created by General Motors Research Laboratories inearly 1956 (or late 1955) for thieir IBM 701 mainframe is generally consideredto be the first batch operating system and possibly the first “real” operatingsystem.
Theoperating system would read in a program and its data, run that program tocompletion (including outputing data), and then load the next program in seriesas long as there were additional jobs available.
Batchoperating systems used a Job Control Language (JCL) to give the operatingsystem instructions. These instructions included designation of which punchedcards were data and which were programs, indications of which compiler to use,which centralized utilities were to be run, which I/O devices might be used,estimates of expected run time, and other details.
This typeof batch operating system was known as a single stream batch processing system.
Examplesof operating systems that were primarily batch-oriented include: BKY, BOS/360, BPS/360,CAL, and Chios.
Early1960s
The early1960s saw the introduction of time sharing and multi-processing.
Someoperating systems from the early 1960s include: Admiral, B1, B2, B3, B4, BasicExecutive System, BOS/360, Compatible Timesharing System (CTSS), EXEC I, EXECII, Honeywell Executive System, IBM 1410/1710 OS, IBSYS, Input Output ControlSystem, Master Control Program, and SABRE.
Thefirst major transaction processing system was SABRE (Semi-Automatic BusinessRelated Environment), developed by IBM and American Airlines.